دانلود رایگان مقاله مسائل و فرصت زنان و پیشرفت شغلی

The career advancement of women has been a subject of abundant research, discussion, and debate for decades. As more women began and continued to enter the workforce, organizations have been steadily implementing programs and policies to support women’s advancement. In addition, governments have created laws, enacted regulations, set policies, and published guidelines to help individuals and organizations avoid unfair practices such as employment discrimination against women and to realize the benefits of a more diverse workforce. Research to date has examined the advancement of women in their careers from multiple angles — the individual characteristics that contribute to or detract from a woman’s success, the impact of the work environment, coworkers, and managers/leaders on women’s advancement, the integration of work and non-work lives for women, and the interplay of social, gender role, and power structure dynamics on women’s success.

CONCLUSION

Based on our review of five issues impacting women’s career advancement, there are a few fundamental conclusions that we suggest are important for facilitating women’s career advancement. It is important to consider the related roles played individuals, organizations, and society. Women generally do well to lean in, especially early on in their careers. Early decisions that women make are important in that they impact the course of their career across the lifespan. In addition, men who take on a substantial role with regard to household responsibilities are helping to further break down stereotypical gender norms and expectations regarding the types of roles that men and women are ‘‘supposed’’ to fulfill. The messages conveyed from various media can be either a hindrance (e.g., reinforcing old stereotypes; conveying inconsistent guidance regarding career advancement) or a catalyst for changes in perceptions regarding women’s career advancement (e.g., by normalizing women thriving in their careers). It is important to be aware of and to counter unconstructive implicit expectations, norms, and roles conveyed through the media.