ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
abstract
Several features of the labor market for public educators in the United States create mobility frictions. Within states, cross-district mobility can be hampered by the limited transferability of experience, which influences teacher placements on salary schedules and other seniority-based benefits (e.g., preferences for open positions). Across states, teachers are subject to additional mobility costs owing to imperfect licensing reciprocity (Coggshall and Sexton, 2008; Goldhaber et al., 2015; Kleiner, 2015; Sass, 2015) and non-portable pension benefits (Costrell and Podgursky, 2010; Goldhaber et al., 2015; Koedel et al., 2012).1 The research literature on educator mobility across state lines is thin, but what evidence is available is consistent with the additional costs of cross-state mobility impeding teacher movement. For example, a study of the Oregon/Washington border by Goldhaber et al. (2015) finds that cross-state teacher mobility is substantially lower than within-state mobility near the state line. Podgursky et al. (2016) document that cross-state teacher moves are rare in a study of three contiguous Midwestern states.