دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی هزینه اضافی تجهیزات اطلاعات و ارتباطات برای اندازه گیری هوشمند و شبکه های هوشمند - الزویر 2018

Abstract

Future smart grids are expected to offer numerous advantages over the current electricity grid due to an improved efficiency of electricity production, distribution, consumption as well as sophisticated grid management and integration of distributed renewable energy sources. In order to enable these functionalities, however, additional equipment has to be installed, which, on the other hand, will lead to increased electricity consumption and more e-waste. This paper provides, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, insights into the overall exergy cost related to the introduction of additional information and communication technology (ICT) equipment such as smart meters and other ICT devices required for future smart grids. We present results obtained using a model for the city of Vienna and considering all life cycle phases. Additionally, the impact of the components’ lifetime and various implementation options is shown. Since the environmental impact of the additional ICT equipment for smart grids is presented in a simple and transparent manner using a holistic approach referred as to as the exergy-based life cycle assessment (E-LCA) method, the results presented in this paper can easily be integrated in a more complete model of smart grids with the aim of assessing the exergy efficiency of various concepts and applications for future smart energy generation, distribution, and consumption systems.

Considering the implementation of AMI, the results have shown that the deployment of smart meters and other required communication and data processing equipment can lead to an increase in total exergy consumption between 6.8 and 14.3 PJ over 20 years of operation and considering all life cycle phases. The contribution of the operational phase to the total exergy consumption is about 2.1 PJ, which corresponds to less than 33% of the total. The lifetime of the equipment has a very high impact on the cumulative embodied exergy consumption. The cumulative embodied exergy consumption can be reduced by about 62% by increasing the equipment lifetime by a factor of three. In contrary, the number of smart meters connected to a single data concentrator shows negligible influence on the cumulative exergy consumption. Connecting 2,000 instead of 50 smart meters to a single data concentrator leads to savings of 2.69% and 2.92% in the cumulative embodied and operational exergy, respectively.

Implementation and an extensive use of home area networks and home energy management applications promise an increase in energy efficiency in the customer domain. However, to optimally support the home energy management applications, one has to install additional equipment such as communication equipment and home energy management systems (HEMSs). Additionally, the usage intensity of user devices such as smartphones, tablets, and notebooks might increase. Similar to the AMI case, the additional ICT equipment required for implementing both the AMI and HAN systems would lead after 20 years of operation to an increase of the ICT related embodied exergy consumption by about 63%. The introduction of HEMSs and a more intensive use of user devices will contribute to an increase of the operational exergy consumption by a factor of 2 compared to the AMI case, which is mainly due to the high energy consumption of HEMS servers. The impact of the HEMS can be mitigated if many households are served by a single HEMS server. For example, sharing HEMS resources among 100 households instead of 10 can lead to a reduction of the operational exergy consumption by almost 60% and of the embodied exergy consumption by 21%.