ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Conceptual background and hypotheses
EO refers to the extent to which the top managers of the firm emphasize risk taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness (Miller, 1983). Innovativeness refers to the inclination to pursue new products and services (Lumpkin and Dess, 2001; Zahra and Covin, 1995), whereas proactiveness entails the tendency to take the initiative and achieve a first mover advantage (Covin et al., 2006). Risk taking in turn refers to the propensity to invest in ventures with an uncertain outcome (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). Studies suggest that firm performance is increased when EO is commensurate with environmental requirements (e.g., Lumpkin and Dess, 2001) and that more entrepreneurially oriented firms indeed perform better in more dynamic environments (e.g., Wiklund and Shepherd, 2005). While studies traditionally have emphasized and confirmed the importance of EO on firm performance (e.g., Rauch et al., 2009), increasingly scholars are addressing the drivers of EO (Boling et al., 2015; De Clercq et al., 2013; Ruiz-Ortega et al., 2013). This is particularly important for understanding how top managers can enhance EO when operating in dynamic environments.