دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تأثیر گردشگری بر آلودگی محیط زیست: شواهد بیشتر از مالزی، سنگاپور و تایلند - الزویر 2018

Abstract

An increasing number of studies reveal that tourism industry makes a substantial contribution towards socioeconomic growth and development of tourism led economies. However, tourism steered economic growth and development is achieved at the cost of environmental pollution and degradation. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of tourists’ arrivals on environmental pollution caused by Carbon Dioxide emissions in Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore over the period of 1990–2014. Some other regressors namely energy consumption and income are also used in the multivariate model. The Zivot– Andrews test is employed to determine unit-root and presence of structural break in the data. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares estimator is used as an analytical technique for unknown parameters estimation. The empirical results reveal that tourism has a significant positive effect on environmental pollution in Malaysia. However, an inverse relationship between tourism and environmental pollution is observed in Thailand and Singapore. Empirical findings suggest that sustainable economic growth and development should be ensured by implementing prudent public policy where host governments must strive to promote socially and environmentally responsible tourism industries in their respective countries.

5. Concluding remarks

Usually, tourism industry is considered as a supportive industry and plays a substantial role in the improvement of the society at different stages and is perceived as an imperative step to accomplish sustainable development. This study aimed to empirically explore the effect of tourism by the total number of arrivals in the host country per year for three ASEAN countries namely Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand over the period of 1990–2014. The Zivot–Andrews test has been employed for the unit-root and presence of structural break in the data. Results showed that CO2 emission per capita is characterized as unit-root for all three countries, indicating that current CO2 emission level is significantly influenced by lagged CO2 emission. Nevertheless, CO2 emission is stationary after taking first difference.

The FMOLS results reveal that regressor GDP has significantly positive relationship with environmental pollution (CO2 emissions), while the square of GDP found is negatively and significantly associated with environmental pollution in the case of Malaysia. These results imply that Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid for Malaysian context during the period under the study. Positive and statistically significant coefficient of tourism indicates that tourism degrades environment by augmenting environmental pollution in Malaysia. This finding indicates that inward flow of tourists in Malaysia significantly augment energy use, hence environmental pollution. In case of Singapore, the estimated coefficient of tourism variable is negative and statistically significant, implying that tourism improves environmental pollution by reducing CO2 emission in Singapore. The impact of GDP on environmental pollution is positive but statistically insignificant, while GDP square is negatively and significantly associated with environmental pollution.