دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی سمیت استنشاق شبانه روزی آلودگی محیط زیست هوای آلوده شده برای ارائه یک سابقه - الزویر 2018

Abstract

Exposures to environmental stressors that derive from pollution (e.g., air, light) or lifestyle choices (e.g., diet, activity, 24-hour-x-7-day) are associated with adverse human health outcomes. For instance, there is evidence that air pollution exposure and changes in sleep/wake pattern increase the risk for vascular and cardiometabolic disorders. Interestingly, air pollution exposure affects pulmonary and cardiovascular functions that follow circadian rhythmicity and increases the risk for pulmonary and cardiovascular events that occur in diurnal patterns suggesting a link between air pollution induced cardiovascular and pulmonary injury and changes in circadian rhythm. Indeed, recent research identified circadian rhythm as an air pollution target and circadian rhythm as factor that increases air pollution sensitivity. Using air pollution exposure as precedent, this review highlights research on how environmental pollution affect circadian rhythm and how circadian rhythm affects the toxicity of environmental stressors.

Conclusion.

Although exposure to polluted air and dyssynchrony have been independently shown to increase the risk for pulmonary, cardiovascular and metabolic injury it is not clear whether dyssynchrony affects air pollution toxicity. A study that shows that the depletion of Bmal1 increased the sensitivity to inhaled nanoparticles [83] supports the idea that circadian dyssynchrony increases the sensitivity to air pollution exposure, whereas combined exposure to concentrated PM2.5 and dim light at night had no additive neurological affects [84]. However, because the exposure to air and light pollution and changes of our sleep pattern are likely to increase due to increasing urbanization and our modern 24-hour x 7-day live style choices, it is essential to investigate in future studies whether circadian dyssynchrony increases the susceptibility to air pollution toxicity. In addition, chronotoxic effects in shift worker have not been studied yet and it is unclear whether shift work-induced circadian dyssynchrony exacerbates the health effects of pollutant exposure although it is know that shift work, which is often accompanied by exposure to pollutants, has acute and chronic health affects [85]. Results from these studies will be essential in assessing whether air pollution exposure exacerbates pulmonary, cardiovascular and metabolic injury in humans with disrupted circadian rhythm. Additional chronotoxicity studies, will inform about specific times in a day when humans are more sensitive to air pollution toxicity. Such studies could help in identifying specific individuals (e.g., those with disrupted circadian rhythms) who might be more sensitive to air pollution exposure and lead to the development of simple and readily implementable preventive strategies (e.g., realigning circadian rhythms) to mitigate against the major harmful health effects of air pollution. They also could lead to targeted approaches that limit air pollution exposures at certain times during the day.