ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
abstract
Large scale and intensive metro construction through dense urban area increases sharply the impaction on risk control and environment protection. Three typical cases of shield crossing building above ground (SCBA), shield crossing tunnel from above (SCTA) and shield crossing tunnel from below (SCTB) are studied, respectively, based on field measurements and site investigations of actual projects in Shanghai soft ground. The risks of shield crossing sensitive buildings and subways, ground movement prediction and its control regulations, the settings of shield driving parameters such as earth pressure, driving speed, postures and grouting are demonstrated and summarized in detail. It is proposed that stringent stipulations on controlling ground volume loss (GVL) ratio (GVLR) and strengthened monitoring measures are necessary and substantial for eliminating/reducing potential construction risks. It is urgently decisive to improve the performance of shield machine and to make it more flexible for counteracting complications of geology and environment, as refer to the present status of shields in Shanghai, most of them being overused or out of date.
4. Control criterion
Control criterion depends on risk degrees. In terms of the severity of consequences, risk caused by close tunneling can be classified as two types: catastrophic failure (Type I) and deformation type (Type II). The catastrophic failure produces most serious consequences and is usually caused by the failure of engineering itself due to serious defects in geology, design or construction, etc. Since the deformation is out of control under this situation, this type risk may not be assessed in terms of deformation. The Type II risk is de- fined as a state of deformation caused by unsuitable measures adopted for deformation control which is usually can be avoided or put under control by careful and deliberate control process. The type I risk is most common in practice but, however, can be developed to the Type I risk if countermeasures are not applied in time (see Fig. 21).