دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی هوش هیجانی خود متمرکز و دیگر متمرکز: روتردام - نشریه الزویر

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to develop an instrument to measure emotional intelligence (EI). This novel scale distinguishes between four factors, namely, self- and other-focused emotion appraisal and emotion regulation. In Study 1, the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale (REIS) was developed and examined with respect to its factorial structure and reliability (N = 383). In Study 2, the factorial structure of the REIS was validated in two new samples (N = 2728 and N = 590). Study 3 examined convergent and discriminant validity by comparing the REIS dimensions with other EI instruments, cognitive intelligence, and personality (N = 108 and N = 105). The criterion validity of the REIS was examined in Study 4 (N = 73, N = 95, and N = 103). The results indicate that the REIS follows a four-factorial structure and can be reliably measured with 28 items. The REIS was strongly correlated with other self-reported EI instruments and weakly to moderately correlated with an ability EI test, cognitive intelligence, and personality. Moreover, self-focused emotion regulation was negatively associated with tutors' perceived stress, whereas other-focused emotion regulation was positively associated with tutors' work engagement, jobseekers' other-rated interview performance, and leaders' transformational leadership style.

6.2. Implications and conclusion

By developing a reliable scale to measure self- and other-focused EI, we would like to encourage researchers to delve deeper into the processes that underlie the manifestation of EI. Many studies have previously shown that EI is positively associated with performance and health. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in tandem or zoomed in on the role of specific EI dimensions in the processes that underlie these associations. A certain combination (i.e., a balance) of self- and other-focused EI dimensions may work best to remain a healthy and effective employee. The REIS could be used to answer these important questions. Practically, the REIS could be used to construct an individual's profile of EI dimensions for selection purposes. For example, several popular intelligence measures (e.g., Wechsler, 2008) deliver unique score profiles to diagnose or select respondents. In the usage of these profiles, a critical yet often overlooked precondition is the reliability of the difference scores between the dimensions (Drenth & Sijtsma, 1990). In the current studies, these reliabilities were satisfactory (e.g., ranged between 0.70 and 0.75 in study 1), which can be considered a strength for the differential prediction of EI dimensions that we aimed to capture. To conclude, the current studies have resulted in a novel and psychometrically sound instrument to measure self- and other-focused EI, which may be used in future research to build on our current understanding of EI. Hopefully, the REIS will facilitate the undertaking of further empirical research regarding the role of EI in various domains. This research is necessary to understand the specific effects of emotional processes on the lives of individuals.