CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive literature review of urban freight related problems, policies, initiatives and models has been conducted to present the state of the art in planning processes of European cities and inclusion of energy related aspects. The analysis revealed that cities are mainly dealing with the problems of: increasing transport demand, low utilisation rates, high energy use, increasing transport emissions and noise of delivery vehicles, increasing congestion in dense urban areas, inadequate road transport infrastructure, lack of logistics transhipment facilities, double parking and high delivery cost for last mile delivery operations. All these problems negatively influence not only business processes but also environmental and energy aspects of urban areas. To cope with this problem, cities are implementing the following types of measures: market-based measures, regulatory measures, land use planning measures, infrastructure measures, management measures and measures related to new technologies. Cities are also deploying new approaches and initiatives to include various stakeholders in the policy making process through implementation of different collaboration mechanisms, such as freight quality partnerships and living labs. All this measures and concepts are consequently positively influencing also the energy consumption.
