دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی توسعه فتوولتائیک در رومانی - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

The Sun is the primary energy source for all life on Earth. Solar energy is clean and is available all over the world. The total energy produced, in 2016, was 7236 MWh, while the total consumed was 6660 MWh. The average photovoltaic energy generated was 255 MWh, which accounts for 3.5% of the total production and 8.2% of the RES (3096 MWh). Investments in renewable energy in Romania began in late 2008, when Green Certificates were granted by Law no. 220. In this paper, we review the photovoltaic system development in Romania, from 2011, when the market began to develop, to the present day. The climate change and air pollution have to be slowed down and reduced by implementing renewable and sustainable solutions in order to generate electricity. The photovoltaic industry has an important role in Romania's development, both economically and environmentally and by having the “unlimited resource” advantage, it is a good alternative to fossil fuels. Now, the largest solar park in Romania, with 332,000 operational PV units, located in Ucea de Sus, Brasov County and commissioned in 2013, has an installed capacity of 82 MW, and covers a land surface of 200 ha. 178 years ago, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photoelectric effect, in 1839. At the moment, the typical power of solar PV modules is less than 500 W, depending on efficiency and temperature sensitivity. Currently, long-term research on photovoltaic cells focus on increasing the power output, increasing the efficiency and reducing the temperature sensitivity.

Conclusions

In Romania, the total energy production in the first six months of 2017 was 7376 MWh, while the average consumption was 6898 MWh. The energy mix in Romania consists of 60% produced using fossil fuels and 40% produced using RES (hydro, wind, photovoltaic and biomass). Within the RES, the PV electricity production is less than 4%, and is the third source in the mix, after hydro (24.1%) and wind (11.6%), and before biomass (0.6%). Romania at present has a total of 1122 PV investments, ranging from a few Watts, the smallest, to 82 MW, the largest. The projects are spread all over the country. Our study has addressed several aspects related to present and future development of photovoltaic power in Romania, as a member of the European Union. Romania started to slightly develop its photovoltaic industry in 2011 and it had a drastic growth ever since. Today, Romania's largest solar park (with a surface of 200 ha) was inaugurated in 2013 and it is placed in Ucea de Sus, Brasov County. It has an installed capacity of 82 MW and uses 320,000 PV units. In Romania, the domains of renewables, the environment, and sustainable energy have great potential and offer substantial business opportunities. Photovoltaic energy can contribute toward a sustainable development, economically, environmentally and socially. Photovoltaic cell development is playing a key role in the future of this system's usage and implementation. In the past few years, the trade intensity of PV cells has varied from region to region, but the trend has been growing globally as a result of increase in energy demand. Global warming or climate change, together with air pollution, has to be reduced and ultimately stopped, if possible. To achieve this, renewable and sustainable solutions have to be researched, promoted, produced and implemented. At the moment, photovoltaic systems are a good alternative to fossil fuels, because they have the advantage of using an “unlimited” resource, the Sun. By capturing energy from the sun and by using photoelectrical conversion systems, the solar energy can be converted into electric energy. The sunlight can be converted directly into electric energy, through photoelectric effect, by using solar cells or photovoltaic cells. Now, the typical power of solar PV modules is less than 500 W and as future purpose for the upcoming research is to increase the efficiency, the power output and to reduce the temperature sensitivity.