4. Conclusion
The complexities involved in performing precise chemical analysis of renal calculi make it one of the most challenging problems currently in the medical fraternity. This problem has considerable significance owing to the fact that treatment methodologies are often decided by the nature of the stones. In view of this, the complementarity nature of two spectroscopic techniques, LIBS and Raman has been effectively utilized for identifying and differentiating different types of kidney stones. The dual analytical capability provides comprehensive information of the complex samples and help to obviate the ambiguity. Most of these stones are identified using either Raman or LIBS by collecting its molecular finger prints as well as characteristic major, minor and trace elements present in the sample. Raman spectroscopy successfully classified different crystalline form of calcium oxalate, which was not possible with LIBS. The evidences of minor elements such as Fe and Cu diagnosed by LIBS are found to be the promoter for the formation of COD stones. Large amount of intense Sr lines in calcium stones is due to the replacement of Ca by Sr during the biomineralization.
