دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی بی خوابی و افسردگی: عوامل خطر برای توسعه افسردگی در مردان ژاپنی در طول 2011-2013 - اشپرینگر 2017

Abstract

Objectives This 3-year cohort study was conducted to investigate the relation between insomnia and development of depression in male workers, and to clarify the association between the severity of insomnia and the onset of depression. Methods Self-administered questionnaire surveys on depression and insomnia were conducted on male workers for 3 years. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and insomnia was examined using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). The analysis was done with 840 men who had no depression at baseline. Results Depression symptoms were newly found in 113 men during this study. Cox regression analyses showed that people with insomnia (AIS score of C 1) at baseline had about a 7 times greater risk for onset of depression. Furthermore, compared with those with AIS score of 0 (no insomnia), people with AIS score of 1–3 had a 5.2-fold greater risk of depression and those with a score of 4 or higher indicated about tenfold greater risk. Conclusions A new finding was that the risk for onset of depression increased with the severity of insomnia.

Discussion

In this cohort study, we investigated the risk of developing depressive symptoms over 3 years in male workers without depressive symptoms at baseline. The present findings showed that people with insomnia (AIS score of C 1) at baseline had about a 7.1 times greater risk of depression than people without insomnia. In addition, the severity of insomnia was associated with the onset of future depression. Compared with those without insomnia (AIS score of 0), people with a total AIS score of 1–3 had an 5.2-fold greater risk of developing depression and those with a score of 6 or higher indicated an 10.4-fold greater risk. Thus, the risk for onset of depression could increase with the severity of insomnia. The severity of insomnia based on AIS scores may help to assess the risk of the future development of depression.

The present study indicated that the presence of insomnia (AIS total score of 1 or more) can be about sevenfold risk for future development of depression. Previous studies also showed a strong association between insomnia and depression (Nakata et al. 2004; Fukunishi et al. 1997; Motohashi and Takano 1995) and indicated that the possibility of developing depression in the future is high with continued insomnia (Yokoyama et al. 2010; Breslau et al. 1996; Roberts et al. 2000). Persistent insomnia is also shown to increase the risk of suicidal ideation as well as that of depression (Suh et al. 2013). A study reported that non-depressed people with insomnia had a twofold risk to develop depression, based on the databases from 1980 to 2010 (Baglioni et al. 2011). In Japan, a 3-year follow-up survey of community-dwelling elderly aged 65 years or more showed that the risk of developing depression was about 1.6 times higher in people with insomnia (Yokoyama et al. 2010). Another Japanese study with 2 years follow-up reported that insomnia could be a risk factor for the new onset (7.0 times risk) of depression (Okajima et al. 2012). The previous study used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and CES-D to assess insomnia and depressive symptoms, respectively. The cut-off point for the PSQI score was set at 7.5 (Okajima et al. 2012). Although there were differences in the study subjects and the meaning method of insomnia, the findings of the present study were similar with those of the study on a Japanese rural cohort. Insomnia can be is a risk factor to be predictive of depression (Taylor et al. 2003).