دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی ارزیابی کنترل مکانیکی علف های هرز در حبوبات - نشریه الزویر

ABSTRACT

Two three-year field experiments with soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L., var. minor Beck.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of different mechanical methods (springtine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding) on weed control and crop yield. Splithoeing + finger-weeding was the best mechanical weed control option, both in soya bean and faba bean, showing an excellent control of both inter- and intra-row weeds with efficacy values ranging from 73% to 97%. Split-hoeing and hoeing gave a good inter-row weed control, showing an effective action against both broadleaves and grasses also in relatively advanced developmental stages, although they did not effectively control weeds along the row. Harrowing and finger-weeding gave the worst weed control due to low efficacy against grasses and weeds bigger than 12–14 BBCH-scale. Yield crop showed not significant differences among the untreated control and all the other treatments, confirming the high competitive ability of legume crops. All the treatments gave crops yield values around the overall mean of trials with contained inter-annual variation, showing as the mechanical weed control can be a sustainable method to manage weeds in this legume crops without considerable losses in yield. Furthermore, the adoption of legume crops thanks to their good competitive ability against weeds and other important characteristics, offers the potential of enhancing the productivity and sustainability of the cropping system, especially in the organic farming.

4. Conclusion

Mechanical weed control in legume crops showed a high weed control efficacy, reducing losses in crop yield also thanks to their good selectivity against the crop plants.

In soya bean, the best mechanical treatments were manual weeding and split-hoeing + finger-weeding, that gave an excellent control of both inter- and intra-row weeds. Split-hoeing and hoeing gave a good inter-row weed control, showing an effective action against both broadleaves and grasses also in relatively advanced developmental stages. However, these mechanical methods did not effectively control weeds along the row. Harrowing and finger-weeding gave the worst weed control due to their low efficacy against weeds with more than 12–14 BBCH-scale. All the treatments gave soya bean yield values around the overall mean of trials with contained inter-annual variation, showing as the mechanical weed control can be a sustainable method to manage weeds in this legume crop without considerable losses in yield.

In faba bean, manual weeding and split-hoeing + finger-weeding showed to be the best mechanical weed control methods, followed by hoeing-ridging, hoeing, split-hoeing and finger-weeding. The high competitive ability of faba bean reduced weed emergence allowing high yield levels also without weed control. However, the control of weeds can not to be omitted in order to avoid the risk to increase the weed seed bank due to the dissemination of uncontrolled weeds.

For these reasons the knowledge of the most efficacy mechanical weed control methods and their adoption is crucial to manage weeds in an integrated weed management system, especially for crops growth in organic and low-input farming systems. The adoption of legume crops thanks to their good competitive ability against weeds and other important characteristics, offers the potential of enhancing the productivity and sustainability of the cropping system, especially in the organic farming.