
ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان

ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Abstract
Asset pricing tests often replace ex ante return expectation with ex post realization. The large deviation between the two drastically weakens the power of these tests. This paper proposes to use analysts consensus price target for a stock as the market expectation of the stock’s future price to directly construct the stock’s expected excess return. Analyzing the expected excess return behavior both over time and across different stocks shows that classic asset pricing theory works much better on ex ante return expectations than on ex post realizations. The analysis also provides new insights on the pricing of common equity risk factors.
4. Concluding remarks
Asset pricing theories generate implications on the relation between the expected risk and the expected excess return on a security or portfolio. Most empirical tests replace the ex ante return expectation with ex post return realizations. Unfortunately, ex post realizations can deviate greatly and persistently from the ex ante expectation. The large and sometimes persistent deviations can drastically weaken the power of the empirical tests, making it extremely difficult to verify the theoretical implications. The implied cost of capital approach can reduce the noise of the ex post realization, but demands a myriad of assumptions on cash flow projections and valuation model choices. Extracting ex ante risk premium from option prices is another possibility, but it also depends on strong dynamics assumptions. This paper proposes to use analysts consensus price target for a stock as the investor expectation of its future price and to define the expected excess return, or equity risk premium, as the log deviation between the consensus price target and the current stock price minus the one-year financing cost. Through this simple construction, the paper generates ex ante risk premium estimates based on market consensus, without superimposing the author’s personal view on model choices, cash flow projections, and/or dynamics specifications.