Conclusion
This paper presents a survey of complex system approaches in marketing research. We discuss key concepts, introduce major methods with applications, and envision future opportunities. Complex system approaches promise a new frontier in marketing research because marketing efforts are becoming more centered on individual customers and their relationships, instead of a transaction-based mass market. While we do not propose that all marketing questions can be handled with a complex systems perspective, complex systems approaches can be effective complementary tools or an alternative lens to conventional approaches. We expect that the steady advances in data processing and computational resources will allow more researchers to adopt complex systems approaches, thereby providing important new insights on marketing phenomena and strategies for both researchers and practitioners in the future.