دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی قهوه یا چای؟ ارتباط مصرف قهوه و چای و علت خاص مرگ و میر در مردان در مقابل زنان - اشپرینگر 2018

Abstract

Coffee and tea intake have been associated with reduced mortality, but no studies have investigated possible substitution effects. The relationship of mortality with coffee, tea, and substituting coffee with tea was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study. In 1986, 120,852 men and women aged 55–69 years provided information on dietary and lifestyle habits. Mortality follow-up until 1996 consisted of linkage to Statistics Netherlands. Multivariate case-cohort analyses were based on 8665 deaths and 3166 subcohort members with complete data on coffee, tea and confounders. Higher coffee intake was significantly, nonlinearly related to lower overall and cause-specific mortality in women. In men, coffee was significantly positively related to cancer and cardiovascular mortality, and inversely to respiratory and other causes of death. Tea intake was significantly, nonlinearly related to lower overall, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in men, but showed no association with mortality in women. In substitution analyses, increasing the proportion tea (replacing coffee with tea) was significantly and nonlinearly related to lower overall, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in men, but in women higher tea proportions were positively associated with overall mortality (and most causes of death). This study suggests that for men, compared to exclusive coffee drinkers, those drinking 30–50% tea showed the lowest mortality; any tea drinking seemed better than only coffee. For women, those who drank exclusively coffee or drinking up to 40% tea had the lowest mortality, but those drinking higher percentages of tea were at increased mortality risk [HR = 1.41 (95% CI 1.01–1.99) for 80–100% tea compared to exclusive coffee drinkers].

Discussion

In this large prospective study higher coffee intake was significantly and nonlinearly related to lower overall mortality in women, after adjusting for confounders including tea intake. When comparing 6? versus 0–1 cups (of 125 ml) coffee/day, the HR (95% CI) was 0.65 (0.47–0.90). No significant association was seen with overall mortality in men. In women, the inverse association with coffee was seen for cancer, cardiovascular mortality and other causes of death, but not for respiratory mortality, while the results for men showed the opposite. Restricted cubic splines analyses indicated that drinking up to 5 cups (or 625 ml)/day of coffee was associated with significantly decreased mortality in women, with no further decrease in mortality with higher intakes. In contrast, tea intake was significantly nonlinearly related to lower overall, cancer and CVD mortality in men, but showed no association with overall mortality in women, nor with specific causes of death. Restricted cubic splines analyses indicated that drinking up to 5 cups (or 625 ml)/day of tea was associated with significantly decreased mortality in men, with the lowest HR (0.72, 95% CI 0.57–0.91) observed in men drinking 2–3 cups/day, compared to nonconsumers. There was no significant interaction between coffee and tea intake. In substitution analyses, increasing tea intake (expressed as percentage of total coffee and tea intake) was significantly and nonlinearly related to lower overall, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in men, but in women higher tea percentages were positively associated with overall mortality (and most causes of death). This Dutch study suggests that for men, compared to exclusive coffee drinkers, those drinking 30–50% tea have the lowest mortality (HR 0.70); any nonzero percentage tea drinking seems better than only coffee. For women, those who drank exclusively coffee or drinking up to 40% tea had the lowest mortality, but those drinking higher percentages of tea were at increased mortality risk, up to a HR of 1.41 (1.01–1.99) for 80–100% tea drinkers).