دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی توزیع منابع انسانی در پروژه ها و خدمات در محیط پویای پروژه - امرالد 2017

Abstract

Purpose – Resource allocation is challenged by dynamic environments where changes are frequent. The purpose of this paper is to identify resource allocation challenges and practices in service units that perform both project and non-project activities in dynamic environments. Its goal is to show that top-down mechanisms of project resource allocation need to be replaced by or supplemented with mechanisms that are more flexible. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative comparative case study was conducted in two service units of two project-based firms. The main source of data consisted of semi-structured interviews with 17 service managers and staff members. Findings – This study shows that resource allocation is not necessarily a top-down process at all, and the practices are context-dependent. Two more flexible approaches are revealed – hybrid resource allocation and bottom-up resource allocation – as examples of managing resource allocation in service units that engage in projects under uncertain conditions. The results of the analysis highlight prioritisation and adapting to change and delay as the main issues that managers face in allocating resources to different types of projects and service activities in dynamic environments. Research limitations/implications – The two target companies chosen for the qualitative research design limit the analysis to project-based firms in a business-to-business context. Further, the viewpoint of the service unit is central to the study. Studying project resource allocation in different organisational contexts and uncovering the perspectives of product development and delivery units would offer promising directions for future research. Practical implications – The study reveals that in dynamic project settings such as service organisations, top-down mechanisms of resource allocation need to be accompanied by other, more flexible approaches to ensure the sufficient resourcing of projects and related services in dynamic environments. Companies need to establish practices for resource allocation changes that are caused by re-prioritising tasks and accommodating changes and delays in their project and service activities. Originality/value – Compared to a top-down perspective taken in previous research, the study proposes a more flexible approach for resource allocation in constantly changing environments with different project and service activities. Previous studies have focussed on resource competition between projects, placing project managers in the central role for resource allocation. By contrast, this study discusses hybrid and bottom-up resource allocation, both of which involve broader personnel engagement in resource allocation tasks, drawing on the experience of all employees.

6. Conclusion

6.1 Contributions and practical implications

In the cases studied in this research, service units organise their activities into projects and service activities and use the same resource pool to deliver both. In such an environment, success of all activities is highly dependent on the resources available, and resource allocation is a critical process required to organise and manage both project and service activities. This challenge becomes more critical in dynamic organisations operating in conditions of high uncertainty. This study has reported evidence from service units to document more extreme cases where the activities competing for resources are highly uncertain in their scope and duration. Managing resources in such a dynamic environment requires an approach that allows a rapid response to changes, sharing information to facilitate decision making. This paper identified two main sources of resource allocation issues in an uncertain environment involving multiple types of activities, namely, the dynamic nature of customers’ service requirements and changes and delays to projects. Our research has shown that urgent requirements from customers may require the organisation to re-prioritise its activities continuously, re-allocating resources between projects and service activities while adapting plans to changes and delays in projects; this, in turn, calls for a cross-functional negotiation of priorities. This paper revealed two approaches used to organise this uncertain environment and to allocate resources, which have been labelled bottom-up and hybrid resource allocation. These approaches extend the findings of previous studies that have focussed on top-down oriented resource allocation as an approach to adjudicate resource competition between projects in a multi-project environment where schedules and resources are planned by managers for projects in advance.