دانلود ترجمه مقاله اندازه گیری تغییر شکل خارجی با GPS برای مدیریت ایمنی سدهای خاکی

Among measurements now performed for safety management of embankment dams, measurements of behaviors that indicate the overall state of a dam, such as measurements of the quantity of seepage through the dam body and the shallow parts of the foundation bedrock and measurements of exterior deformation are most important. Exterior deformation of an embankment dam is measured by forming a grid of appropriately spaced measurement lines on the crest and slopes of the dam and establishing measurement use targets at each grid intersection point, to measure the exterior deformation by surveying the quantity of displacement in the horizontal and vertical directions. However, by using the above method, rapidly responding after an earthquake or in other emergencies is difficult. The global positioning system (GPS) is a system that can perform surveys quickly at relatively low cost. GPS is an all-weather positioning system using satellites that is well known for its role in car navigation and in surveying applications. In recent years, GPS based surveys have achieved sweeping improvements in measurement precision by eliminating man-made noise that accompanies transmitted signals (Selective Availability SA), establishing a 24-hour measurement system by increasing the number of artificial satellites, advancing electric instruments that improve the SN ratio (signal to noise ratio) and increase antenna sensitivity, achieving great progress in calculation functions that instantly analyze signals received from GPS and boosting measurement data error treatment technology. This research responds to the above circumstances by performing and comparing conventional exterior deformation measurements based on geodimeter surveys and on leveling surveys with exterior deformation measurements by GPS at an existing embankment dam, and based on the results, considering the possibility of using GPS to supplement exterior deformation measurements for embankment dams and specific challenges to be overcome to replace conventional methods with the GPS method in the future.