دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی انواع مدل های کسب و کار برای بازیافت پسا مصرف کننده در چین - نشریه الزویر

Abstract

The effort to build an EPR system for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in China has created unexpected niches for innovation in business models for post-consumer recycling of e-waste as well as other recyclables in recent years. This study used action research to evaluate the performance of emerging business models for post-consumer recycling in urban China in recent years. We identified three categories of emerging models: (1) community-based programs targeting the garbage sorting behavior of consumers for all household waste, (2) reverse logistic systems with automatic vending machines attached to traditional commercial chains, and (3) pure internet solutions to bridge the transactions between the consumers and recyclers. All these business models share the common characteristic that they use internet technology, which is aggressively promoted in China as “Internet +” by both government policies and venture capital investment. The various business models serve as the link between the firm and the system level and reflect the diverse possibilities for the future evolution of the recycling system in China. We developed a qualitative evaluation framework with five elements including convenience for consumers, traceability for producers, profitability for recyclers, hybridity for collection, and reliability for public to address the various values pursued by different actors involved in the recycling chains. The results reveal the dilemmas facing each business model in balancing among all the elements and highlight the governance challenge of integrating the EPR scheme with the municipal waste management system.

5. Conclusion

The EPR studies have revealed the governance challenge in urban waste management to capture the value from waste reduction and recycling, and sharing among all stakeholders in a complex and dynamic product system. Most of researches in this field addressed the induced change in product design or business model at firm level, but few studies have examined the systematic change that the new business models could trigger in the recycling sector, especially in developing countries.

The change of institutional settings based on EPR principle in China provided an excellent empirical case to study how new business models could emerge as response to the government interventions. The introduction of EPR for WEEE in China created an innovation niches for new business models in recycling sector and has triggered extensive change in the business relations in waste/recycling sector. It took an unexpected form in practice: not the producer doing the take-back themselves, but creating opportunities for various new business models to build links between the recycling and production/consumption regimes.

The most important technological change enabling the new business models is the use of ICT technology to bridge the knowledge gap among stakeholders including producers, recyclers, consumers, and the governments. This contributed to improve the transparency of EPR systems in the complex and fragmented product chains, and effectively respond to the market dynamics. Since most of the new business models are heavily relying on the subsidy from the government at present. The new business models in China shows the possibility to incorporate the informal sector in developing countries, which has been emphasized profoundly in literature on WEEE in recent years.