5. Conclusions and discussion
5.1. Conclusions The proposed conceptualization of the construct is affirmed: TV advertising engagement as an event in which the viewer is psychologically and concurrently immersed in and present with a TV advertisement.The construct, as conceived and measured, is independent of its antecedents and consequences, and fully and strongly mediates the effect of message relevance on advertising involvement. The produced fouritem scale (shown in Table 5) is structurally invariant across different people, product types, and viewing conditions, thereby demonstrating (1) scale stability; (2) a high level of reliability based on Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability; and (3) strong validity in terms of its unique relations to other traditional advertising response variables. The take away is that the scale provides researchers a theoretically sound instrument for studying TV advertising engagement, and practitioners with a useful tool to gauge the stopping and holding power of TV advertisements.