دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مطالعه میزان تقاضای توریسم بین المللی در خاورمیانه با مدل پنل اطلاعاتی - امرالد 2018

Introduction:

Tourism as a developing industry has gained momentum in many countries in recent decades such that the total number of tourists reached to 436million people in 1990 and with 137% growth to 1035 million in 2012, which has brought 1075 billion dollars income for different countries in 2012. It is estimated that international tourists number increase by 1.8 billion people in 2030 with average growth of 3.3% per year. (UNWTO, 2013) Tourism industry has obtained an outstanding position in different countries and different regions of the world by its positive impact upon income increase, job opportunities, balance of foreign trade as well as cultural influences that its development lead to in societies. This important economic sector has also an undeniable effect on investment in various infrastructural areas of the country. As the industry develops, the demand for development and improvement of tourism infrastructures, which are mainly considered as state infrastructures, increase and this in return, leads to motivation and further encouragement in infrastructural investment. According to another point of view, tourism is viewed as an activity which demands product and service from many economic sectors. As a result, it enjoys a high market power in accumulating product and service demand of different economic sectors.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

In this study, the influential factors on foreign tourist demand in Middle-East countries by the application of panel data pattern were examined. Results proved all examined variables have significant impact upon foreign tourist demand. According to the obtained results, purchasing power parity variable has a significantly negative impact on foreign tourist demand. Thus, domestic policies of Middle-East countries especially those concerned with exchange rate changes and adjustment. Hence, it seems necessary to consider the development of tourism sect in formulating policies which affect purchasing power parity in order to support tourism industry. In other words, increasing exchange rate in countries in accordance with economic policies leads to the increase in purchasing power parity rate. Alternative incentives should be provided to develop foreign tourism.

According to results about trade freedom and its significantly positive impact upon foreign tourist demand, it seems that membership of Middle East countries in WTO and similar international treaties somehow increases trade freedom and has a strong impact upon tourism development of these countries. Henceforth, opening trading gates which includes a set of different economic policies can lead to the development of tourism industry.

Purchasing Power of other countries was among the variables studied, which had negative impact upon tourism demand of Middle Eastern countries. What carries importance is the efforts Middle Eastern countries should exert in order to introduce their places of interest, and provide facilities to international tourists so they can change their mental presupposition as regards tourism services in Middle East. It is predicted that the aforementioned deeds would introduce Middle East tourism services as a product with positive income demand elasticity rather than negative one.