5. Conclusions
We have introduced, modeled and analyzed the PRPRPD, a generalization of the VRPSPD and IRPSPD. The contributions of this paper are (i) to describe a modeling approach enriching the production routing problems with remanufacturing, simultaneous pickups and deliveries; (ii) to offer a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the PRPRPD; (iii) to provide a branch-and-cut guided search algorithm; and (iv) to present extensive computational analyses that capture the effects of key remanufacturing parameters on the balance between manufacturing and remanufacturing, from which managerial insight can be drawn. Several extensions are possible for the PRPRPD. One worth mentioning here is the possibility of incorporating carbon emissions in vehicle routing. Another extension would be to consider the simultaneous pickups and deliveries in multi-level production and routing problems with time windows. Finally, a branch-price-and-cut algorithm could be developed when dealing with a limited number of customers per vehicle.