دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی قیمت گذاری عملی حلقه بسته پویا در گرید هوشمند برای متعادل سازی عرضه و تقاضا - الزویر 2018

abstract

Pricing strategy for power systems is an important and challenging problem, due to the difficulties in predicting the demand and the reactions of customers to the price accurately. Any prediction errors may result in higher costs to the supplier. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel, practical closed-loop pricing algorithm (PCPA). Using the closed-loop control to well coordinate the customers and the supplier, the power system can run more efficiently, resulting in both cost saving for customers and higher profit for the supplier. We prove the convergence of PCPA, i.e., a stable price can be achieved. We provide sufficient conditions to guarantee the win-win solution for both the customers and the supplier, and an upper bound of the gain. We also provide a necessary and sufficient condition of that the highest win for both the customers and the supplier can be achieved. Extensive simulations have shown that PCPA can outperform the existing prediction-based pricing algorithms. It shows that the profit gain of the proposed algorithm can up to 100% when the total demand can be fixed to the optimal demand.

7. Conclusions

In this paper, we have developed a novel closed-loop pricing framework considering the randomness of the demand side and the cost in the supplier side for smart grids. By exploiting the information feedback between the customers and the control center, we proposed a practical closed-loop pricing algorithm using a piecewise pricing mechanism. Based on the proposed pricing algorithm, the cost caused by the uncertainties is decreased and transformed into the profit iteratively. Thus, the proposed algorithm can achieve a win-win solution for both the customers and the supplier. We proved that the stability of the pricing algorithm and the bounds of the maximum profit for both customers and supplier have been derived. We also provided a necessary and sufficient condition, under which the maximum profit gain can be achieved. Simulations show that the total profits can be improved by about 76% (and even 100% when the total demands of customers can be fixed to D) using the proposed algorithm compared with the open-loop pricing algorithm.