دانلود رایگان مقاله رویکرد فرد گرا به فرسودگی شغلی

Abstract

The variable-oriented approach has dominated empirical burnout research, but during the last 10 years a person-oriented approach to burnout has also become common. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify, categorize and evaluate the empirical research to date that has adopted a person-oriented approach to burnout. The results of these studies were then compared with those generated by variable-oriented burnout research. An electronic search of seven databases was conducted in spring 2015. Initially 470 publications were identified, 24 of which met the selection criteria. The reviewed articles were categorized into three groups based on their research target(s): (1) intra-individual patterns of burnout symptoms (i.e., types of burnout) (42%), (2) intra-individual development of burnout over time (i.e., burnout trajectories) (33%), and (3) patterns of well-being indicators within individuals (i.e., well-being types) (33%). The typical burnout types and trajectories identified by person-oriented research were largely parallel with the information produced by variable-oriented research, but also brought out the heterogeneity of the burnout experience by revealing atypical burnout and well-being types and individual developmental trajectories. The advantages, along with the challenges, of taking a person-oriented approach are discussed. Based on the study designs, methodologies, and main findings of the reviewed studies, five avenues for future person-oriented burnout studies are proposed.

4.3. Directions for future person-oriented burnout research

As noticed above, although empirical burnout research has been dominated by the variable-oriented approach, there is room for person-oriented studies. Naturally, the approach selected depends on the nature of the research question. If the aim is to study, e.g., whether job characteristics predict burnout over time or whether a particular burnout intervention is beneficial at the average level, a variable-oriented approach, with its analytical methods, is the most appropriate choice. However, when heterogeneity can plausibly be expected in the level or change of burnout, a person-oriented approach is worthwhile. Our suggestions for future research avenues, based on the three categories of person-oriented research, i.e., burnout and well-being types and trajectories, are presented next. We conclude this section by deliberating what a holistic-interactionistic theoretical view of burnout could be. First of all, more longitudinal studies covering longer followups are needed. As the majority of the burnout-type studies were cross-sectional, they offered only a sketch of burnout symptoms on the individual level. The different types found were typically interpreted according to the developmental process of burnout (Golembiewski et al., 1986; Leiter & Maslach, 1988). However, in order to properly investigate the development process of burnout via types, longitudinal studies with several measurements are needed. In addition, research on the long-term development of burnout has focused mainly on the early career stage, which is a period characterized by instability in levels of job-related wellbeing (Mäkikangas et al., in press). Therefore developmental paths of burnout need to be investigated throughout the career, using longer follow-ups, in order to gain a more complete picture of typical burnout trajectories.