Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model consists of positive electrode–electrolyte–negative electrode (PEN) and metallic interconnect (MIC) assembly is constructed by using commercial finite element software Abaqus. With the simulated temperature profile in the planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), the finite element method is employed to calculate the thermal stress distribution in a planar SOFC. The effects of temperature profile, electrodes and electrolyte thickness, and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) mismatch between components are characterized. The value and distribution of thermal stress are the functions of the applied materials CTEs, applied temperature profiles and thickness of anode and electrolyte. The calculated results can be applied as the guide for SOFC materials selection and SOFC structure design. The anode is subjected to large tensile stresses and the electrolyte is subjected to large compressive stresses during the first cooling from the sintering temperature. The chemical reduction of NiO to Ni in the porous anode lowers the absolute stress level in the PEN structure by 20%. The large tensile stresses in the anode and the large compressive stresses in the electrolyte relax partly when the SOFC operates at high temperature. Cracks could probably appear in the anode structure when the PEN structure is cooling to room temperature after the sintering.
1. Introduction
Fuel cells are the most efficient devices for the electrochemical conversion of chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity, and have been gaining increasing attention in recent years for environmentally friendly with little or no toxic emission and efficient distributed power generation. In the existing fuel cells, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with monolithic, planar and tubular geometries, as a high temperature fuel cell, makes a good performance in power generation and continues to show great promise as a future power source. In SOFC stack designs, the planar type design has received much attention recently, because it is simpler to fabricate and easier to be made into various shapes than the other type designs. Besides, the planar type SOFC offers higher power density relative to the tubular type SOFC due to the low electrical resistance as a result of the shorter current paths. A typical operating temperature of a solid oxide fuel cell is 600 Ce1000 C, which leads to severe thermal stresses and warpage on the positive electrodee electrolyteenegative electrode (PEN) structures of SOFCs caused by the mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of various layers in the PEN structures of SOFCs due to the temperature changes during the PEN manufacturing process and thermal cycling. And these may lead to cracks and destroy the SOFC structure.
4. Conclusions
A 3D complete polarization electrochemical model and a thermal stress finite-element model for a planar SOFC are employed in this paper. The internal reforming reaction and water-gas shift reaction are taken into account in the simulations for both co-flow and counter-flow. With the simulated temperature profile in the planar SOFC, the finite-element analysis is employed to calculate the thermal stress distribution in the planar SOFC. The effects of temperature profile, anode and electrolyte thicknesses and coefficients of thermal expansion mismatch between components are characterized and analyzed.
The thermo-fluid simulation results indicated that the temperature gradient near the fuel inlet for counter-flow pattern is much larger than that of co-flow pattern. The thermal stress is mainly contributed by the reason of CTE mismatches between different materials. The anode is subjected to large tensile stress and the electrolyte is subjected to large compressive stresses during the first cooling from the sintering temperature. The cracks could probably appear in the anode structure when the PEN structure is cooled to room temperature after the sintering. The chemical reduction of NiO to Ni in the porous anode lowers the absolute stress level in the PEN structure by 20% while in the mean time the strength of the anode becomes lower too. When the SOFC works at a high temperature, the tensile stresses in the anode and the compressive stresses in the electrolyte relax partly