دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مهاجرت بین ایالتی و تشکیل سرمایه انسانی در برزیل - امرالد 2018

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of interstate migration of individuals with different qualification levels on human capital formation in the migrant’s place of origin. Design/methodology/approach – A dynamic panel model with data from the National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD)), between 2001 and 2013, is used. Findings – The results indicate that the migration of high-skilled people boosts school attendance in fifth grade elementary school and first year high school, but it does not affect the levels of those entering first year in higher education. However, the migration of low-skilled workers discourages people from entering higher education, as those living in less developed areas do not need higher education qualifications to get higher incomes. Thus, they migrate to developed areas with the education levels they already have. The brain gain hypothesis is not, therefore, confirmed in the context of higher education attendance. Originality/value – This paper’s contribution is its investigation into the effect of interstate migration on human capital formation in Brazil, through testing the brain gain hypothesis in a national context. In addition, it also analyzes the impact of the migration of people of low and intermediate qualification levels on human capital, with a view to verifying if the mobility of people with other levels of qualification could discourage the formation of human capital.

Conclusion

Given the results presented in this research, it can be seen that the migration of high-skilled people has encouraged the expansion of school attendance of those eligible to attend fifth grade elementary school and first year high school. This is consistent with the model’s presuppositions and it may be explained because people realize that there is a possibility of gaining considerably higher incomes if they continue studying until they reach the qualification level of those migrants, when they are able to move to the same destination. However, because the premium that these people could receive when they compare their current earnings to those obtained by middle- or low-skilled migrants is small or even negative, this leads to indifference on their part in terms of increasing their level of human capital. However, the results indicated that the rate of growth in entrance to first year higher education is not influenced by the migration of people with a high qualification level. It may be due to the fact that those people who did not migrate and have a high school diploma are more concentrated in states which already have higher average incomes and, therefore, they do not need to migrate to earn such incomes. In addition, the migration rates of high-skilled people from less developed regions are low and unable to influence the remaining population to expand their education. These rates may motivate people to expand their qualification levels on considering that the increase in income at the destination is attractive. However, if the family income is close to survival levels, financial constraints may limit their response to incentives because the access to higher education involves a series of expenses, even when university education is free. The results also indicated that the mobility of low-skilled workers is a discouraging factor for the enhancement of the human capital of residents of the source state who have a high school diploma. This is evident from the fact that the incomes earned by people with this level of education and living in less developed regions (such as the North and Northeast) are very close to those earned by low-skilled migrants who moved to the South and Southeast regions. This means that the migration of the latter in the present can substantially increase their income without needing to improve their education levels with a view to moving in the future.