دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی بررسی سخنان تنفرآمیز در زمینه شبکه های اجتماعی آنلاین - الزویر 2018

Abstract

Advances in Internet Technologies (ITs) and online social networks have made more benefits to humanity. At the same time, the dark side of this growth/benefit has led to increased hate speech and terrorism as most common and powerful threats globally. Hate speech is an offensive kind of communication mechanism that expresses an ideology of hate using stereotypes. Hate speech targets different protected characteristics such as gender, religion, race, and disability. Control of hate speech can be made using different national and international legal frameworks. Any intentional act directed against life or related entities causing a common danger is known as terrorism. There is a common practice of discussing or debating hate speech and terrorism separately. In the recent past, most of the research articles have discussed either hate speech or terrorism. Hate speech is a type of terrorism and follows an incident or trigger event of terrorism. Online social networks are the result of ITs and evolved rapidly through the popularity among youth. As both the activities are near to close and makes use of online social networks, the collective discussion is appropriate. Therefore we have a review on hate speech with different classes and terrorism with cyber use in the framework of online social networks. With the help of combined effort from the government, the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and online social networks, the proper policies can be framed to counter both hate speech and terrorism efficiently and effectively.

5. Conclusion

After the review of definitions from different researchers and international bodies, the hate speech is defined as “any speech, which attacks an individual or a group with an intention to hurt or disrespect based on identity”. Once the hatred is expressed, hurting or disrespecting depends on the perception of the victim. Similarly, cyber terrorism is defined as “Terrorism through utilization of internet and communication technologies and related tools. That is an attack carried out on a targeted group such as an individual, place or any object using computing systems, Internet, stored information and knowledge of software with an intention of making damage to targeted one.”

While referring to the legal framework on hate speech from international bodies, it has been observed that all frameworks laws except ICERD on free speech are almost same and slightly different from hate speech. From the analysis of constitutional and legal articles of different countries, it has been found that some countries act softly and some countries act slightly harder against hate speech. This indicates that laws on hate speech are not same in all the countries. Online social networks play an important role in terrorist activities by supporting them with advertisements towards recruitments, dissemination of information and planning and executing the attacks.