6. Conclusions and directions for future research
This study makes three contributions. First, this study adds to the limited knowledge of organizational responses to externally induced economic crises in management accounting research. By finding a time-lagged increase in the interactive use of MCS, qualitative evidence is supported by a quantitative study. Second, the inverse causal effect of interactively used MCS on the perception of negative external crisis effects is also supported by this study design. Thus, this study contributes to the debate about the causal effect direction between the use of MCS and environmental perceptions (Collins et al., 1997). It confirms that MCS have an effect on managerial perceptions and illustrates the risk of drawing conclusions about causal directions from cross-sectional data. Third, this study responds to calls for longitudinal research in quantitative management studies (Pierce and Aguinis, 2013; Ployhart and Vandenberg, 2010; Van der Stede et al., 2007). In doing so, it introduces CLEM as a method to analyze longitudinal data that has rarely, if at all, been used in survey-based management accounting research