دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی فیزیولوژی ورزشی و دیدگاه تغذیه ای مربی فوتبال - وایلی 2017

Abstract

Referees are an integral part of soccer and their performance is fundamental for regular match flow, irrespective of the competition level or age classes. So far, scientific interest was mainly limited to aspects of exercise physiology and match performance of soccer referees, whereas recommendations for nutrition were adopted from active professional soccer. In contrast to elite soccer players most referees are non-professional and engaged in different occupations. Furthermore, elite referees and soccer players differ in regard to age, body composition, aerobic capacity and training load. Thus, referees’ caloric needs and recommended daily carbohydrate intake may generally be lower compared to active soccer players, with higher intakes limited to periods of increased training load and match days or for referees engaged in physical demanding occupations. With respect to fluid intake, pre-match and in-match hydration strategies generally valid in sports are recommended also for referees to avoid cognitive and physical performance loss, especially when officiating in extreme climates and altitude. In contrast to elite soccer, professional assistance concerning nutrition and training is rarely available for national elite referees of most countries. Therefore, special attention on education about adequate nutrition and fluid intake, about the dietary prevention of deficiencies (iron in female referees, vitamin D irrespective of sex and age) and basic precautions for travels abroad is warranted. In conclusion, the simple adoption of nutritional considerations from active soccer for referees may not be appropriate. Recommendations should respect gender differences, population specific physical characteristics and demands just as well as individual characteristics and special needs.

Conclusion

Soccer refereeing combines a non-competitive, non-contact, highly intermittent running activity with the perceptual-cognitive performance of match officiating and decision-making. The intensity and physical load differ between male and female, field and assistant referees, and depending on the soccer league level. An adequate aerobic capacity just as a proper intermittent exercise ability allow referees to follow the match closely, to recover quickly and to avoid fatigue that may influence the quality of decision-making. Furthermore, specific adaptation of nutritional habits and hydration strategies may contribute to maintain the physical and cognitive performance during match progression, thus avoiding neuromuscular fatigue and injury susceptibility.