ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
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ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
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Electronegativity and Classical Valence
An example of the way in which electronegativity was adapted to the newer concepts of valence and chemical structure can be seen by examining the 1870 volume, A Text-Book of Elementary Chemistry, by the American chemist George Barker (5). Generally regarded as the first American book to be explicitly based on the new structure theory, Barker’s text noted that chemists were now able to determine three different atomic properties: atomic weight, atomic valence, and atomic electronegativity. 1 The first of these, which measured the “quantity of matter” present, allowed chemists to calculate compositional formulas and to quantify chemical reactions. The second, which measured the “quantity of an atom’s combining power”, allowed chemists to rationalize chemical structure and to predict the number of possible isomers consistent with a given composition. Lastly, the third parameter, which measured the “quality of an atom’s combining power”, allowed chemists to rationalize differences in chemical reactivity for otherwise isostructural molecules. Barker also included tables of each of the three properties—his table of relative electronegativities (Figure 1) differing from Berzelius’s table of 1836 only in the addition of nine new elements (Nb, Ru, In, Tl, La, D, Er, Rb, and Cs) that had been discovered in the interim.2
Conclusions
In Part I (1) it was noted that nowhere in his 1932 paper on electronegativity did Linus Pauling bother to give an explicit definition of the concept. The reasons for this should now be apparent. By the 1930s the electronegativity concept was more than 120 years old and its most recent reincarnation, in terms of an atom’s ability to attract and retain valence electrons, was almost 30 years old. Consequently Pauling could be certain that his readers knew exactly what he meant by the term.