دانلود رایگان مقاله اثر آزادی اقتصادی بر ضرورت کارآفرینی در کشو OECD

ABSTRACT

This research addresses the extent to which economic freedom, understood as market economy-oriented institutions and policies, matters for opportunity entrepreneurship and necessity entrepreneurship. To this end, we carry out a panel data dynamic analysis in the OECD countries during the period 2001–2012 by using the system Generalized Method of Moments estimator. We examine the relationship between the Fraser Institute's economic freedom index and its five areas, and both indicators from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on opportunity entrepreneurship and necessity entrepreneurship. We find that economic liberalization tends to encourage opportunity entrepreneurship and to discourage necessity entrepreneurship. In particular, opportunity entrepreneurship seems to benefit from improvements in legal structure and security of property rights and in regulation of credit, labor, and business, while both aspects and more freedom to trade internationally seem to damage necessity entrepreneurship.

5. Conclusions

In this paper we examine to what extent economic freedom is associated with entrepreneurial activity in the OECD countries during the period 2002–2012, providing new evidence from a dynamic panel data approach. We find that economic freedom matters for entrepreneurship motivation. The overall index of economic freedom is positively associated with opportunity entrepreneurship, while its relationship with necessity entrepreneurship is negative. Greater economic freedom seems to encourage the emergence of new business opportunities and enable entrepreneurs to take advantage of them. Thus, a market economy-oriented environment seems to favor opportunity entrepreneurship at the expense of necessity entrepreneurship. Let us recall that a priori opportunity entrepreneurship is more desirable, since overall it arises voluntarily and tends to involve innovative initiatives to exploit new market niches, while necessity entrepreneurship is often linked to initiatives that imitate other firms and is usually characterized by limited business quality, lower levels of investment and human capital, and less impact on economic development. In this sense, the aim of governments should not only be to increase entrepreneurship indiscriminately, but to also take into account the types and characteristics of entrepreneurship.