6. Conclusions
To sum up, this work has attempted to examine how and if specific stakeholder groups influence multinational enterprises’ corporate social responsibility practices. In doing so, a two-level framework from stakeholder and institutional perspectives has been used as an overarching theoretical lens to develop a research model, which is useful for empirical tests where many predictors included in our model are confirmed as critical factors. Our results show that consumers, internal managers and employees, and NGOs are pivotal stakeholders pushing MNEs to faithfully operate subsidiaries in a socially responsible manner and behave ethically in local markets. In addition, the results indicate that both local governments and local communities keep a keen eye on what MNEs do in the absence of consumer power. Furthermore, the results indicate that local media plays an important role in ensuring socially responsible behavior from businesses by assuring a growing media surveillance, disapproval, as well as concentration on ‘big business’ in general. What is more, the results demonstrate that business collaborators (i.e., local firms) do not much care about the issue and do not create a strong effect on CSR, although this perhaps may only be in emerging markets.
