دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی شیوه های مدیریت تکنولوژی معاصر برای تسهیل مقررات و نظارت اجتماعی - الزویر 2018

Abstract

The opportunities provided by new technologies signify that current societies have an unlimited number of possibilities as regards improving the quality of their citizens’ lives. Governments and some corporations may simultaneously use such technologies to achieve some of their goals with a greater effectiveness than before. However, the usages that governments and corporations make of these technologies could lead to an institutionalisation of practices that may be questionable. These practices embrace the access and use of confidential or private information by governments, in addition to corporative practices that may violate some fundamental liberties when corporations act as government collaborators. The goal of this research is to describe some of the most recent socially-relevant social control and surveillance practices carried out by governments, along with the irregular personal information management practices of corporations, through the use of Information and Communication Technologies in the European Union and North American regions. The research data have been taken from (academic, media, civil society and corporative) publications available from the beginning of the 2000s to the present. The findings show a wide variety of practices (e. g., mass surveillance or the violation of personal information privacy), which appear to be more institutionalised in North America, and particularly in the United States, than anywhere else in the European Union or Canada.

5. Conclusion

The current technological civilization is founded on technical systems that are capable of a number of tasks, including organising, managing and controlling fluxes (goods, information, and people). For example, the biometric cards given to individuals registered in biometric systems in the context of projects such as those described above, make it possible to manage fluxes of people crossing a border. It can consequently be stated that this type of projects constitutes a good example of an ICT-based manager model that characterizes contemporary technological societies.

In view of the data obtained in this research, it can be highlighted that the governmental and corporative control of citizenship on the basis of ICT activity is a clear reality in today’s western civilisation. More precisely, this control is more and more extensive in western societies that are highly linked to ICTs in a growing number of everyday life facets. In this respect, and in accordance with that stated by an ex NSA agent, all communications carried out electronically by US citizens have been spied on (NBC Universal Media, 2009). Moreover, in line with Turkle (2011), citizenship can be said to have favoured this espionage because of the citizens’ desire to make all aspects of human life more comfortable by using ICTs as much as possible. However, in this research it has become clear that numerous instances of academia, prestigious mass media, corporations and civil organisations (mainly NGOs) have stated, either directly or by publishing information, their position against the contemporary ICT-based highly sophisticated control to which western societies are subject de facto.