دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تشخیص چرخه حیات گازهای گلخانه ای از سیستم های تولید برق باد - اشپرینگر 2017

Abstract

This study characterized and evaluated the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different wind electricity generation systems by (a) performing a comprehensive review of the wind electricity generation system life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and (b) statistically evaluating the life cycle GHG emissions (expressed in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour, gCO2e/kWh). A categorization index (with unique category codes, formatted as ‘axis of rotation-installed location-power generation capacity’) was adopted for use in this study to characterize the reviewed wind electricity generation systems. The unique category codes were labeled by integrating the names from the three wind power sub-classifications, i.e., the axis of rotation of the wind turbine [horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)], the location of the installation [onshore (ON), offshore (OFF)], and the electricity production capacity [small (S), intermediate (I), large (L)]. The characterized wind electricity generation systems were statistically evaluated to assess the reduction in life cycle GHG emissions. A total of five unique categorization codes (HAWT-ON-S, HAWT-ON-I, HAWT-ON-L, HAWTOFF-L, VAWT-ON-S) were designated to the 29 wind electricity generation LCA studies (representing 74 wind system cases) using the proposed categorization index. The mean life cycle GHG emissions resulting from the use of HAWT-ON-S (N = 3), HAWT-ON-I (N = 4), HAWTON-L (N = 58), HAWT-OFF-L (N = 8), and VAWT-ONS (N = 1) wind electricity generation systems are 38.67, 11.75, 15.98, 12.9, and 46.4 gCO2e/kWh, respectively. The HAWT-ON-I wind electricity generation systems produced the minimum life cycle GHGs than other wind electricity generation systems.

Conclusions

This paper characterized the life cycle GHG emissions from wind electricity generation systems with respect to the development of a new categorization index that integrated the names from the three classification systems based on the axis of rotation of the wind turbine (HAWT, VAWT), the location of the installation (ON, OFF), and the power generation capacity (S, I, L). A total of 29 wind electricity generation system LCA studies that summarized 74 wind system cases were identified in the literature and reviewed in this study. Each of the reviewed wind electricity generation system LCA study was assigned an unique category code in accordance with the developed categorization index. The categorization of the reviewed 29 wind electricity generation system LCA studies yielded a total of five distinct categories, namely, HAWT-ON-S, HAWT-ON-I, HAWT-ON-L, HAWT-OFF-L, and VAWTON-S. While the VAWTs were noted to be used for only small scale electricity production, the offshore-based wind electricity generation systems were only used for large scale electricity generation. HAWTs were used for both onshore and offshore wind electricity generation. The mean life cycle GHG emissions from HAWT-ON-S, HAWT-ON-I, HAWT-ON-L, HAWT-OFF-L, and VAWTON-S wind electricity generation systems were computed to be 38.67, 11.75, 15.98, 12.9, and 46.4 gCO2e/kWh, respectively. The mean EPBT period was the highest for VAWTON-S (6.5 years), followed by HAWT-ON-S (1.1 years), HAWT-ON-L (0.58 years), and HAWT-ON-I/HAWT-OFFL (0.39 years). The mean life cycle GHG emissions from wind electricity generation systems were noted to decrease with an increase in the CF, the cycle time period considerations for the infrastructure, and the power rating of the wind electricity generation systems. The HAWT-ON-I wind electricity generation systems provided the best environmentalfriendly option with the lowest GHG emissions and EPBT period. The HAWT-OFF-L wind electricity generation systems performed better than the HAWT-ON-L wind electricity generation systems. All the four categories of HAWT-ON-S, HAWT-ON-I, HAWT-ON-L, and HAWT-OFF-L wind electricity generation systems had lower GHG emissions and EPBT periods than the VAWT-ON-S wind electricity generation system, thereby, indicating that HAWTs outperformed the VAWTs and are recommended for future use. There was only a single representative LCA study noted in the literature for VAWT-ON-S wind electricity generation system. More research efforts are needed to study the LCA of VAWT-ON-S wind electricity generation systems.