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Abstract

This paper offers a critical review, purview and future view of ‘workforce’ research. We argue that the tourism (and hospitality) workforce research domain, beyond being neglected relative to its importance, suffers from piecemeal approaches at topic, analytical, theoretical and methods levels. We adopt a three-tiered macro, meso and micro level framework into which we map the five pervasive themes from our systematic review across a 10 year period (2005–2014). A critique of the literature, following a ‘representations’ narrative, culminates in the development of a tourism workforce taxonomy, which we propose should provide the starting point for a pathway to guide the advancement of a more holistic approach to tourism workforce knowledge development

inal reflections and future research

We postulate that this analysis and the taxonomy that we derive from it provides a solid foundation for validating ‘workforce’ as a nomenclature appropriately inclusive of the various ‘component parts’ of the tourism labour and employment space. Moreover, it will enable verifiable claims to be made in relation to a number of areas, that the tourism workforce literature is deficient: in its coherence between the three identified levels; in providing understanding of the declared theoretical positions that underpin knowledge claims; in recognising challenges to dominant Euro-American scientific assumptions; and clarifying underpinning social scientific lens/es and enabling greater consistency in the use of terminology. Our analysis also provides a more appropriate view of how to approach the examination of the tourism workforce in the form of what we might style a ‘route-map’ wherein future workforce research in T&H can usefully be directed in order both to extend the explanatory scope of research in this area and engage with wider social science constructs in so doing. This leads us to highlight an approach to future workforce research in this field that includes studies which: – are cross-cutting in recognising interdependencies across micro, meso and macro levels within our workforce research taxonomy; – explore the nuanced workforce implications of the overlap of the micro and meso levels, particularly in respect to impacts on the customer/guest; – articulate with greater clarity the paradigmatic framework within which works is located such that it cogently advances knowledge vis-à-vis the extant literature; – draw explicitly on their social science discipline origins and clearly articulate their methodological and theoretical contributions to social science; – challenge the ghettoisation of workforce research within ‘hospitality’ and recognise the central position of such work within mainstream tourism research; – extend beyond a ‘problem solving’ managerial perspective on workforce research and seek to engage with explanation as a starting point in seeking change; – traverse the divide between empirical academic work and the high-value research conducted, or commissioned, by trans-national agencies—both representing tourism (e.g. UNWTO, WTTC) and the workforce (e.g. ILO); – investigate discourses of work and how tourism employment perpetuates or challenges these narratives; – enunciate a just and sustainable glocal vision for tourism and its workers.