دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی مدیریت زیست محیطی در خاک های زیرزمینی هند: فرصت های کشاورزی - الزویر 2018

Abstract

The rapid growth in population, food production, urbanization, and industrialization has accelerated the generation of bio-waste material such as crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste. They wield tremendous impacts on soil health, climate change, and overall environment with pronounced ramifications for developing countries like India. In addition to the previously mentioned challenges, overexploitation of soil is causing the second-generation problems of nutritional disorders, decline in productivity, global warmingedriven climate change, pollution, and so on. Therefore scientific and logical recycling of organics is of prime importance to eradicate the huge piles of bio-waste material in agriculture. It will, firstly, be of benefit to minimizing environmental pollution and, secondly, improve crop productivity, soil carbon status, and soil health in general. Contrary to this, unscientific management of organic waste hold disadvantages such as losses of essential plant nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), heavy metal contamination and development of sporadic pathogens harmful to animals and plants. The prime focus of this review is to signify the current prospects of organic waste management in India and their potential in agriculture. The article has comprehensively elaborated on GHG, fertilizer consumption, food grain production, nutrient removal by crops, and constraints of waste recycling. This review further emphasizes through future research needs the need to advance our knowledge regarding bio-waste management, so that we better understand and implement efficient waste management. It is also pertinent to develop a sustainable and ecofriendly agricultural practices so that organic resources mainly in the form of crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste are utilized.

CONCLUSIONS

The rapid increases in the world’s population, food grain production, economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization is coupled with accelerated generation of waste. CR, animal waste, and MSW now constitute national and global problems. The major dilemmas concerning CR burning are soil health, soil biodiversity, crop productivity, and these wastes’ heavy contribution to global warming and climate change. Most animal waste is being used as fuel cakes which are a very good source of plant nutrients and soil organic matter. Two of the major problems being encountered are the insufficient collection and inappropriate final disposal of MSW. Various collection systems employed by the municipalities collect less than half of the total waste generated. As a result, wastes are either scattered in urban centers or disposed of in an unplanned or poorly managed ways in low-lying areas or open dumps or burned by residents in their backyards. The unscientific or unsystematic management of all waste has made the situation worse and led to several environmental and health-related problems simply increasing and not being solved. All these organic sources have great potential for plant nutrient, and particularly SOC in the Indian scenario. Keeping in mind the present situation, the current review examines the opportunities and improvements that could be introduced to CR, animal waste, and MSW management systems.