دانلود رایگان مقاله استراتژی های مدیریت کشاورزی با مقاومت استفاده از آفت کش در فرانسه

ABSTRACT

Reducing pesticide use in agriculture is a major challenge to improve sustainability of cropping systems. It is critical to identify effective integrated farming strategies able to decrease substantially pesticide use. This study is based on a unique French national network of 1012 arable commercial farms involved in a pesticide reduction program. These farms displayed contrasting levels of pesticide use, and covered a large diversity of environmental characteristics and farming practices. Our objective was to identify profiles of management strategies showing contrasting pesticide use levels in France. Two categories of factors potentially related to pesticide use were considered successively, namely factors describing production situations and factors describing management strategies. Regression tree methods were applied to the dataset to identify combinations of factors associated with low vs. high pesticide use levels. Results showed that, among the factors describing production situations, the presence of livestock, climate conditions, and to a lesser extent soil characteristics were able to discriminate groups of farms with contrasting pesticide use levels. Among the factors describing management strategies, the crop sequence, the crop diversity, the pesticide spraying techniques, and soil tillage were frequently selected for discriminating farms characterised by low vs. high pesticide use levels, whereas specific factors such as mechanical weeding, crop cultivars and sowing dates were related with pesticide use in some production situations only. Across production situations, several contrasting strategies led to low levels of pesticide use. Besides, within each considered production situation, different strategies appeared associated with low levels of pesticide use. Our results reveal that a large diversity of strategies exists for controlling pests, weeds and diseases without high levels of pesticide use.

4.8. Conclusion and outlook

In this study, we benefited from a unique dataset collected at the scale of the national territory, covering a wide diversity of production situations and offering a large sample of farms with contrasting management strategies. Using partitioning methods, we first identified several types of production situation associated with a first level of variability in pesticide use. Using once again partitioning methods, we secondly identified, in each production situation, various profiles of managements strategies associated with low vs. high pesticide use, i.e. explaining a second level of variability in pesticide use. We showed that MSs with low pesticide use were different from a production situation to another, confirming the importance to consider the production context when addressing the question of drivers to reduce pesticide reliance. In a given production situation, we found that several profiles of management strategies displayed low levels of pesticide use, suggesting that there is not only one but several ways to be low reliant on pesticides. Although we highlighted the diversity of strategical options as a function of the situation, some management measures, such as the crop diversification, the soil tillage strategy and the pesticide dose reduction appeared as rather transverse discriminative factors, i.e., they were associated with low pesticide use across diverse situations. Mechanical weeding, wheat cultivar and sowing date were conversely more punctual discriminative factors as they contributed to discriminate strategies with high vs. low TFI in only one or two of our categories of production situation. The analysis of TFI variability could still be re- fined by collecting additional variables to better characterise factors from production situation and management strategy, in particular by getting information on farmer's decision-making.