ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
A central premise of international humanitarian law (IHL) is that the same rules apply to both parties in an armed conflict “regardless of the type of war they fight, the justness of their respective causes, or the disparities in power and capabilities between them.”[1] In her essay, On a Differential Law of War, Gabriella Blum questions that premise, asking whether holding powerful parties to higher standards of IHL compliance than weaker parties might better maximize humanitarian welfare in conflict situations.[2] Her answer is that the humanitarian effect of such “common-but-differentiated responsibilities” (CDRs)—a term she borrows from international environmental law (IEL) and international trade law (ITL)—is indeterminate because it depends on the nature of the CDR, the type of conflict, and whether the weaker party is a state or nonstate actor.[3]