ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Most modern multi-storey steel structures in New Zealand are designed using moment frames, eccentrically braced frames or a combination of both. There is also a significant number of low and medium rise concentrically braced frame buildings. They typically use shop welding and site bolting construction. While they are permitted to be designed for high ductility (up to a structural ductility factor of 4), many structures are designed for low ductility, or even elastic response. This is because considerations other than earthquake strength, such as gravity load effects, wind loading, or earthquake inter-storey drift limitations, often control the member sizes. Member overstrength including slab effects, and the presence of non-structural elements in the structure, which are not considered directly in design, can also increase the strength to the extent that the multi storey steel buildings will almost respond elastically, with no damage during a design level earthquake.