دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی از خطی تا سیستم های مدیریت زباله یکپارچه دایره ای: رویکرد های روش شناسی - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

The continuous depletion of natural resources related to our lifestyle cannot be sustained indefinitely. Two major lines of action can be taken to overcome this challenge: the application of waste prevention policies and the shift from the classical linear Integrated Waste Management Systems (IWMSs) that focus solely on the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to circular IWMSs (CIWMSs) that combine waste and materials management, incentivizing the circularity of resources. The system analysis tools applied to design and assess the performance of linear IWMSs were reviewed in order to identify the weak spots of these methodologies, the difficulties of applying them to CIWMSs, and the topics that could benefit from further research and standardization. The findings of the literature review provided the basis to develop a methodological framework for the analysis of CIWMSs that relies on the expansion of the typical IWMS boundaries to include the upstream subsystems that reflect the transformation of resources and its interconnections with the waste management subsystems.

8. Conclusions

Based on the insights gained in the literature review, it was concluded that some of the shortcomings that applying the current methodological approaches to a CIWMS would entail could be solved by expanding the boundaries of a traditional linear IWMS to include upstream subsystems that link the transformation of raw materials into MSW with the waste treatment subsystems. This approach is also helpful to the analysis of waste prevention activities and the quantification of the biogenic carbon present in waste. Waste composition will determine the functions fulfilled by the CIWMS. A CIWMS managing mixed MSW could deliver materials, energy, nutrients and even chemicals. Because of the wide range of technologies that each waste fraction can be subjected to, mathematical programming and MFA are essential to the design of CIWMSs. However, these techniques must be combined with system assessment tools, such as LCC and LCA. Unarguably, the benefits derived from the implementation of CIWMs are due to the reduction in the consumption of natural resources. However, the economic and environmental benefits of CIWMSs are not self-evident and need to be proven by an in-depth analysis. One of the challenges of performing the LCA of a given CIWMS lies on the multiplicity of materials that the system can handle, which translates into the great variety of services supplied and makes it hard to select the functional unit, which should reflect the shift in the perspective of the analysis from waste to resource. Nonetheless, the main difficulty that will arise from the recommended approach will probably not stem from the integration of different methodologies, but from the upstream subsystems; considering their large size, their detailed analysis will increase the complexity of the model and the researchers’ efforts needed in the modeling phase.