دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی توسعه سوخت سلولی برای خودرو هایی با انرژی جدید و هوای صاف در چین - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the background to New Energy Vehicles (NEV) policies in China, and the key scientific and market challenges that need to be addressed to accelerate fuel cells (FCs) in the rapidly developing NEV market. The global significance of the Chinese market, key players, core FC technologies and future research priorities are discussed.

6. Conclusions

Air pollution kills an estimated 7–10 million people a year globally, more than the victims of all the terrorists, wars and homicides combined. This remains a significant reason for FC NEV promotion across the world and is also stimulating FC development for stationary power. Decarbonization of energy is also a major stimulus of NEV policies in China, to reduce GHG emissions fast enough to prevent the worst impacts of climate change, particularly amongst the world's poorest and most vulnerable. Addressing the energy trilemma will bring many benefits for China, and Chinese leadership in this area will have global impacts on markets and manufacturing capacity. China is unique in its multi-objective optimization of the NEV market, and the scale of testing new markets. Strategic initiatives in China are coordinated and consistent in the largest world market, where the market is tested rigorously, through strongly subsidised policies. Due to the different national drivers, China acts as a complementary testbed to contrast with the rest of Asia, the US, UK and Europe.

The NEV policy aligns with a growing movement to electrify energy systems, and which is also still open to new technical options. Global equality of access to clean electricity worldwide remains a significant socio-economic challenge. Increasingly distributed renewable power is leading to remote electrification, and hydrogen is one option for energy storage and delivering a carbon free transportation system. However, there is currently an uncertain energy landscape and the adoption of hydrogen requires considerable untested changes in fuel infrastructures for developed countries. PEM FCs operating on hydrogen or SOFCs operating on infrastructure hydrocarbon or hydrogen fuels offer a number of air quality advantages over existing propulsion technologies. FCs are key to future powertrain development in NEVs at the very least as range extenders and auxiliary power units (APUs) for on-board electronics. It is critical that any policy to clean city centre air is tied to clean production processes during product manufacture, and China is likely to play a major role in manufacturing FCs as it has done in the PV and battery industries. Based in historical data from these industries, international R&D programmes to support FC NEVs must take radical steps quickly if they are to contribute to delivering technologies to market as a clean air intervention policy. The key challenges lie in scaling up FC technologies and commercialising them into real markets.