ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Honeybees and bumblebees are the most important pollinators of agricultural crops. For this purpose honeybees and bumblebees are reared and transported. A pathogen-free status of bees in general, is cru- cial. Indeed anthropogenic transports of hosts carrying parasites could alter the natural host/pathogen association, inducing an extra pathogenic stress. Therefore the creation of a pathogen-free rearing envi- ronment is needed. For bumblebees this is possible, as these species are reared in a closed environment. Although, a link remains between reared bumblebees and the outside bee community, as honeybee- collected pollen is essential food for bumblebee mass rearing. Here we evaluated if gamma irradiation can minimize the risk of this potential route of exposure and can inactivate viral particles present in hon- eybee-collected pollen. We show that 16.9 kGy gamma irradiation induced a 100–1000 fold reduction on the ability of IAPV to cause mortality after injections. This result opens avenues toward rearing pathogen- free bumblebees and towards eliminating the risks of pathogen spillover to native wild bee species.