دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی چگونگی گردشگری هوشمند: مفهوم بیگانگی - الزویر 2017

abstract

The concept of alienation was adapted to tourism by MacCannell who identified it as a key feature of modernity and a strong driver of tourism where tourists seek to reconnect to authentic places and selves. Meanwhile the post-modern world has witnessed a revolution in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) especially in the realm of smart tourism where its advocates talk eagerly of the internet of everything. Such a totalising prospect demands serious review and this article fills a critical gap by conceptualising the idea of e-lienation as a specific form of alienation in ICT-enabled tourism. It combines philosophic questions of meaning, sociological theory and empirical research to demonstrate the meanings of e-lienation, its dimensions, causes, consequences and strategies of resistance.

Conclusion

Our project sought to understand how connectedness through ICTT could paradoxically cause tourists to be more disconnected when analysed through the theoretical lenses of alienation and authenticity. We interpreted, applied, adapted and extended these concepts to the context of ICTT and its unforeseen effects on the tourism experience. We coined the term e-lienation as a useful organising concept to foreground these effects and to reveal a set of consequences that have not been previously distilled or brought together in a way that highlights their combined significance. The term should be seen as having its genesis in alienation rather than being a direct translation of it while embracing ideas from the literature on authenticity. Indeed it illustrates the dialectics between alienation and authenticity. We define e-lienation broadly as ‘‘the negative consequences of ICT on the tourist experience”. Of course not all ICTT use is e-lienating as we are reminded by one of our comments which noted: ‘‘Anyone who tells you that travel was better before smart phones and the internet is fooling themselves.