ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
1. Climate change and climate security (1) Global warming is an indisputable fact [1]: ① The average land surface temperature increased by 0.85 °C from 1880 to 2012; and ② the average global temperature was 14.6 °C in 2014, the warmest year since record keeping began in 1880 (Fig. 1 [1]). (2) Climate change has led to a sharp increase in natural disasters in the 21st century (Fig. 2). (3) Extreme events such as floods and heatwaves will increase people’s risks of infectious diseases and malnutrition; and forced migration caused by climatic warming may give rise to health and social problems. (4) The negative impacts of climatic warming on food security far outweigh its positive impacts, leading to an expected reduction of wheat and corn production by 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively, every ten years. (5) Water security has become an increasingly prominent issue: Glaciers in many regions are shrinking and impacting downstream runoff and water resources; perennially frozen soil layers in high-latitude areas and high-elevation mountainous areas are melting because of climatic warming; and one-third of the world’s 200 major rivers show changes in runoff patterns, mainly characterized by a decrease in runoff volume.