دانلود رایگان مقاله انرژی تجدید پذیر دریایی

ABSTRACT

Energy production based on fossil fuel reserves is largely responsible for carbon emissions, and hence global warming. The planet needs concerted action to reduce fossil fuel usage and to implement carbon mitigation measures. Ocean energy has huge potential, but there are major interdisciplinary problems to be overcome regarding technology, cost reduction, investment, environmental impact, governance, and so forth. This article briefly reviews ocean energy production from offshore wind, tidal stream, ocean current, tidal range, wave, thermal, salinity gradients, and biomass sources. Future areas of research and development are outlined that could make exploitation of the marine renewable energy (MRE) seascape a viable proposition; these areas include energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, and informatics. The article concludes with a sustainability perspective on the MRE seascape encompassing ethics, legislation, the regulatory environment, governance and consenting, economic, social, and environmental constraints. A new generation of engineers is needed with the ingenuity and spirit of adventure to meet the global challenge posed by MRE.

5. Conclusions

Given the enormous theoretical reserves of ocean energy, the development of new technologies for exploiting MRE appears to be a very worthwhile endeavor for addressing the energy gap, helping to ensure energy security, and reducing global carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels. This article has briefly outlined how MRE can be extracted from offshore wind, tides, ocean currents, and thermal and salinity gradients in the sea, and how bioenergy can be obtained from algae. Worldwide research and development activities are being directed toward tackling the technological, economic, social, and environmental barriers to commercial-scale exploitation of the MRE seascape. Advances are required in cost reduction, energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, informatics, investment, consenting and licensing procedures, and maritime governance. The global challenge remains of how to exploit the MRE seascape in order to power whole cities by ocean energy in a way that is sustainable, robust, and cost-effective. As in the industrial revolution, a new generation of engineers is required that possesses the ingenuity and boldness to meet this global challenge.