دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تاثیر فعالیت انسانی در مناطق تجاری به آلودگی استریت فتالات در گرد و غبار خیابانی - الزویر 2019

abstract

Exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) poses health risks to humans. Much research has been performed evaluating PAE levels in foodstuffs, river sediment and drinking water, but little attention has been paid to their presence in urban outdoor environments where human activities are highly intense. Here we evaluated PAE presence and distribution in street dust in Kaohsiung, the most industrialized city in Taiwan. Our results showed that PAEs were ubiquitous in fifty-two street-dust samples (levels of total PAEs 5.4–989.2 mg kg−1 ). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the most abundant congener observed and made up 85.0%, 79.7%, and 97.2% of the total PAEs found in industrial, residential and commercial areas, respectively. PAE levels in street dust in commercial areas (night markets) were significantly higher, suggesting a higher risk of contamination on people present in these areas (H value N χU 2). In residential and commercial areas, the higher the intensity of human activity, the higher the PAE content observed. PAE content decreased progressively from the center to the outskirts of the Houjing night market, suggesting that the increased human and consumer activities inside this commercial hotspot were the main PAE source in street dust. Children had higher estimated daily intakes (DIs) than adults and dermal absorption contributed more to these levels than oral ingestion. Although all calculated DIs were below referenced danger thresholds, street dust PAEs in the area should remain an environmental concern especially since night markets play an important role in Taiwanese/Asian culture and economy. Contrary to other studies, PAEs in this study were found less related to industrial manufacturing activities but highly linked to commercial activities. These findings are relevant for future pollution prevention efforts dedicated to mitigating public exposure to PAEs.

4. Conclusions

PAEs are ubiquitously present in street dust of Kaohsiung City. Of the six PAEs studied, DEHP was the most abundant. DEHP levels were found to be from six to seven hundred times higher than DnBP, the second most dominant congener. Commercial zones (night markets) had substantially higher PAE levels compared to industrial and residential areas, suggesting a higher risk to local populations and visitors or tourists. Our study showed that the higher the intensity of anthropogenic activities, the higher the PAE contents in street dust. Adults seemed to be more exposed through skin penetration while children from ingestion. Although we found DIs in street dust to be within acceptable levels, prevention of PAE contamination should still be considered important especially in commercial areas. Night markets make up an integral part of Taiwanese/Asian culture and exposure to PAEs in street dust in these areas is almost unavoidable. Our work can serve as a reference study for further monitoring and pollution prevention endeavors.