دانلود رایگان مقاله تنظیم ژن در روند واکنش فوری

abstract

Immediate-early genes (IEGs) can be activated and transcribed within minutes after stimulation, without the need for de novo protein synthesis, and they are stimulated in response to both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic signals. Extracellular signals are transduced from the cell surface, through receptors activating a chain of proteins in the cell, in particular extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and members of the RhoA-actin pathway. These communicate through a signaling cascade by adding phosphate groups to neighboring proteins, and this will eventually activate and translocate TFs to the nucleus and thereby induce gene expression. The gene activation also involves proximal and distal enhancers that interact with promoters to simulate gene expression. The immediate-early genes have essential biological roles, in particular in stress response, like the immune system, and in differentiation. Therefore they also have important roles in various diseases, including cancer development. In this paper we summarize some recent advances on key aspects of the activation and regulation of immediate-early genes.

5. Conclusions

IEGs have an important role in several essential cellular systems, for example the immune system, and they are also important in serious diseases like cancer. It is therefore highly relevant to have a good understanding of the properties of IEGs, including gene structure, how they are activated and regulated, and how they affect downstream processes. In this paper we have summarized some key elements of our current understanding of IEGs, including the importance of genetic and epigenetic structure, and the role of poised genes and how IEGs may interact with strong enhancers.