Limitations and future research
Our study has several limitations. First, we only focused on the mobile phone market in China, particularly in Shanghai. Although, as previously discussed, Shanghai is a much internationalized, economically developed city and the mobile phone market here is highly competitive, statistically our empirical results cannot be generalized in an unconstrained way to other international markets. Expansions of in-depth analysis into other industries and markets would, therefore, be necessary in the future. Second, the research is based on cross-sectional data; therefore, it fails to capture the dynamic aspects associated with brand loyalty development. Finally, as discussed before, the findings on the relationships among brand satisfaction, brand trust, and brand loyalty do not completely agree with the Dual-factor framework. Consequently, a theoretical improvement would be necessary to reveal the true nature of such relationships. We hope future research will address such issues.