دانلود رایگان مقاله تاثیر تحریم ها بر تکامل همکاری در تقسیم کار خطی

Abstract

The evolution of cooperation is an unsolved research topic and has been investigated from the viewpoint of not only biology and other natural sciences but also social sciences. Much extant research has focused on the evolution of cooperation among peers. While, different players belonging to different organizations play different social roles, and players playing different social roles cooperate together to achieve their goals. We focus on the evolution of cooperation in linear division of labor that is defined as follows: a player in the i-th role interacts with a player in the i+1-th role, and a player in the n-th role achieves their goal (1 ≤ i < n) if there are n roles in the division of labor. We take the industrial waste treatment process as an example for illustration. We consider three organizational roles and Bi is the i-th role. The player of Bi can choose two strategies: legal treatment or illegal dumping, which can be interpreted as cooperation or defection (i = 1−3). With legally required treatment, the player of Bj pays a cost to ask the player of Bj+1 to treat the waste (j = 1, 2). Then, the cooperator of Bj+1 pays a cost to treat the waste properly. With illegal dumping, the player of Bi dumps the waste and does not pay any cost (i = 1−3). However, the waste dumped by the defector has negative environmental consequences, which all players in all roles suffer from. This situation is equivalent to a social dilemma encountered in common-pool resource management contexts. The administrative organ in Japan introduces two sanction systems to address the illegal dumping problem: the actor responsibility system and the producer responsibility system. In the actor responsibility system, if players in any role who choose defection are monitored and discovered, they are penalized via a fine. However, it is difficult to monitor and detect the violators, and this system does not work well. While, in the producer responsibility system, the player in B1 is fined if the player cannot hand the manifest to the local administrative organ because the players of Bi (i = 1−3) who choose defection do not hand the manifest to the player of B1. We analyze this situation using the replicator equation. We reveal that (1) the three-role model has more empirical credibility than the two-role model including B1 and B3, and (2) the producer responsibility system promotes the evolution of cooperation more than the system without sanctioning. (3) the actor responsibility system does not promote the evolution of cooperation if monitoring and detecting defectors is unsuccessful.

Discussion and conclusion

We investigate the effect of sanctions on the evolution of cooperation in linear division of labor. As an example, we institute the replicator dynamics in the context of an industrial waste illegal dumping game proposed by Ohnuma and Kitakaji (2007). We introduce two sanction systems, the actor responsibility system and the producer responsibility system, and then compare each of these two systems with a baseline model devoid of sanctions. Our main conclusion is that both sanction systems seem to promote the evolution of cooperation and inhibit illegal dumping by generators. However, where fines do not influence evolutionary dynamics because monitoring is ineffective, the actor responsibility system no longer promotes the evolution of cooperation.

Monitoring violators is arduous not only in the case of illegal industrial waste but in other contexts too, such as illegal logging and overfishing. The industrial waste treatment process in Japan embodies linear division of labor; and the sanction system which does not require monitoring violators can be put into practice rather than the sanction system with monitoring. Our analysis also shows that the producer responsibility system, which does not require monitoring, promotes the evolution of cooperation and inhibits illegal dumping more than the actor responsibility system. If logging or fishing in some areas are configured according to linear division of labor, sanction systems like the producer responsibility system may work to inhibit illegal logging or overfishing.

In the producer responsibility system, the generator is sanctioned if the manifest is not handed to the local administrative organ. There is another possible sanction system derived from the producer responsibility system; not a generator but an intermediate treatment facility or a landfill site is punished when the manifest is not handed to the local administrative organ. However, generators are expected to choose illegal dumping more if intermediate treatment facilities or landfill sites are punished, and then the amount of illegal dumping is larger. It is because g-defectors do not need to pay not only the cost of cooperation but also the fine. To confirm our guess, we will analyze the model with the new sanction system as our future study.