ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Cell lines are cultures of animal cells that can be propagated repeatedly and sometimes indefinitely. They arise from primary cell cultures. Primary cultures are initiated directly from the cells, tissues, or organs of animals and are typically used in experiments within a few days. By convention, the passaging or subcultivation of a primary culture begins a cell line. However, not all primary cultures yield cell lines. Instead, the cells of some subcultivated cultures die off slowly. Why the cells of other cultures keep on growing and allow these cultures to be continuously subcultivated is a complex and incompletely understood subject. The subject is intensively studied with mammalian cells because of the relevance of this to the mechanisms of cellular senescence and the origins of cancer cells. In the case of mammalian cell lines, some are finite. They can only be subcultivated a limited number of times before they senesce. Yet other mammalian cell lines are continuous or immortal and can be grown indefinitely. Continuing with the case of mammals, some primary cultures or finite cell lines can be experimentally immortalized to become continuous cell lines.